History of Clocks

Biological Clock-Watching can Give Your Performance an Extra Boost

From the Olympics to football games, athletes who train and compete at optimal times on their biological clocks may gain a competitive edge. The information given in this research can help to boost performance in the sports.

 

Research
Researchers at Stanford University School of Medicine in California, led by Roger Smith, DO, questioned 16 Olympic athletes and 12 top college athletes to learn when they believed they performed best and when they trained and competed. The 10 men and 18 women included runners, swimmers, basketball players and participants in other sports.

Results

More than 60 per cent said they were at their peak in the afternoon,

Most often between 3 p.m. and 6 p.m.

Slightly more than 20 per cent said that they were in top form between 9 a.m. and noon.

Less than 20 per cent chose 6 p.m. to 9 p.m.

None claimed to do their best before 9 a.m. or after 9 p.m.

These self-reports in this pilot study, though not backed by objective assessments, are, according to Smith, consistent with circadian rhythm research showing a late-afternoon peak in anaerobic capacity and anaerobic power (a measure of quick-burst muscle strength), as well as body temperature, reflexes, coordination, and other indicators of physical performance. These are among hundreds of bodily functions that display predictable daily patterns, affecting both health and disease. Most circadian studies of athletes are based on single measurable components of performance rather than global assessments of specific sports that may involve hundreds of different skills. Studies with swimmers, Smith says, do offer evidence of a late-afternoon performance peak.

Late afternoon is not the best time for all sports. Sharpshooters and archers, for example, report that accuracy improves when they fire in the lull between heartbeats. Many prefer to compete in the morning when their heart rate is lower.

Few of the 28 elite athletes surveyed by Smith and his colleagues managed to synchronize their training and peak performance times, or to synchronize either of these with competition times.

Five participants reported a variety of training and/or competition times and were not included in the following analysis. Eleven of the remaining 23 reported a difference of six hours or more between their training and peak performance times, and/or their competition and peak performance times. Seven reported a difference of six hours or more between their training and competition times. The six-hour limit was arbitrary, says Smith, chosen simply to give a morning/afternoon range. Future research will attempt to determine whether athletes who train at the time they function best see a payoff if they are also able to compete at the same time of day they trained.

Smith and others are also investigating the impact of the time of training and sleep on performance and injury rates, as well as individual traits such as ‘morningness’ and ‘eveningness’, as part of a comprehensive health study of participants in football, tennis, volleyball, swimming and other college sports at Stanford.

College athletes, notes Smith, may choose classes to mesh with their training or competition schedules. Many are often sleep-deprived because of the athletic, educational and social demands on their time. And sleep deprivation itself may adversely affect both their athletic and classroom performances (see also PP last month).

For team sports, athletes usually don’t have a choice of when to train, but coaches’ choice of training times, says Smith, is often arbitrary. Athletes who train early in the morning because it is believed they are fresher then might better their sports performance by training in the late afternoon. Indeed, focusing on their classes in the morning may improve their grades, since studies in the circadian literature show that many complex cognitive abilities, such as those needed for writing and creative thinking, are better in the morning. Late-in-the-day training may also be closer to competition times for college sports, which are usually chosen to maximize spectator attendance, and are often at night or on weekend afternoons.

 

By:-

Khizer Hayat Raja

Sr. Lecturer in Physical Education & Sports

International Weightlifting Coach & Expert

E mail: wlexpert@yahoo.com

 

About the Author

Affiliated with Olympic style weightlifting since 1989. First as player and from 1998 as a coach.  Author of a book and keen in research work.

Presently serving as Sr. Lecturer in Physical Education and Sports at a College. Coaching and training many Juniors & Seniors in Olympic style weightlifting. Produced many National and International weightlifters within and out side the country.

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Phosphor P-0202 Digital Hour Clock Mens Watch $185 Phosphor is a new brand entrant in the luxury timing industry. The philosophy is to marry sharp design with next generation technologies to produce a line of watches that convey style and uniqueness. The E Ink display offers the user the unique ability to change the appearance of the watch dial as well as present the date and time information. Electronic ink is a proprietary material that is processed into a film for integration into electronic displays. Revolutionary in concept, electronic ink is a fusion of chemistry, physics and electronics to create this new and unique material. The principal components of electronic ink are millions of tiny micro capsules, about the diameter of a human hair. In one incarnation, each microcapsule contains positively charged white particles and negatively charged black particles suspended in a clear fluid. When a negative electric field is applied, the white particles move to the top of the micro capsule where they become visible to the user, making the surface appear white at that spot. At the same time, an opposite electric field pulls the black particles to the bottom of the micro capsules where they are hidden. By reversing this process, the black particles appear at the top of the capsule, which now makes the surface appear dark at that spot.Electronic ink is a proprietary material that is processed into a film for integration into electronic displays. Revolutionary in concept, electronic ink is a fusion of chemistry, physics and electronics to create this new material.Band Color: Black Leather, Band Width: 23mm near case, 23mm near clasp/buckle, Bezel Color: Black, Case: Silver + Rectangle-shaped, Case Finish: Polished + Stainless Steel, Case Thickness: 12mm, Case Width: 33mm; 33mm with crown, Clasp / Buckle: Strap Buckle, Dial: Black-and-white + digital, Hand Color: Black-and-white, Movement: Other + quartz, Time Zones: Single, Water Resistance: 5 atm,

Eye of Time Clock $39.98 The hero of our story is an anonymous watchmaker in Regency London. Trying to combine a travel clock and compass that needed to be small while easy to read… in an époque of candlelight… little would he know that his spherical desk watch would be a highly collectable treasure. In times of need, the lens also doubled as a magnifying glass to read maps and secret messages. The dial is hand stained and each piece varies slightly. The compass is for decorative use only. Measures 2″ x 3¼” and includes the battery.

Rosewood Skeleton Clock $139 An elegant timepiece for the home or office, this clock is housed in a handsome case with glossy rosewood-look finish. Watch through the clear glass panels as the polished metal gears work to keep time. The hammer strikes the bell at every hour. Set the time using a single knob on the back. Two-year limited warranty. Quartz movement runs on 1 AA battery (not included). Measures 10½” x 4½” x 9¼” and weighs 7½ lbs. No rush or express shipping.

Phosphor P-0201 Digital Hour Clock Mens Watch $155 Phosphor is a new brand entrant in the luxury timing industry. The philosophy is to marry sharp design with next generation technologies to produce a line of watches that convey style and uniqueness. The E Ink display offers the user the unique ability to change the appearance of the watch dial as well as present the date and time information. Electronic ink is a proprietary material that is processed into a film for integration into electronic displays. Revolutionary in concept, electronic ink is a fusion of chemistry, physics and electronics to create this new and unique material. The principal components of electronic ink are millions of tiny micro capsules, about the diameter of a human hair. In one incarnation, each microcapsule contains positively charged white particles and negatively charged black particles suspended in a clear fluid. When a negative electric field is applied, the white particles move to the top of the micro capsule where they become visible to the user, making the surface appear white at that spot. At the same time, an opposite electric field pulls the black particles to the bottom of the micro capsules where they are hidden. By reversing this process, the black particles appear at the top of the capsule, which now makes the surface appear dark at that spot.Electronic ink is a proprietary material that is processed into a film for integration into electronic displays. Revolutionary in concept, electronic ink is a fusion of chemistry, physics and electronics to create this new material. Item Shape: rectangle Dial window material type: Mineral Display Type: analog Clasp: Buckle Case material: stainless-steel Case diameter: 38 millimeters Case Thickness: 8 millimeters Band material: Rubber Band length: mens Band width: 26 millimeters Band Color: black Dial color: silver Bezel material: stainless-steel Bezel Function: stationary Calendar: date-and-month Special Features: alarm-feature, water-resistant Movement: Japanese-Quartz Water resistant depth: 165 Feet Band Color: Black Leather, Band Width: 23mm near case, 23mm near clasp/buckle, Bezel Color: Silver, Case Finish: Polished + Stainless Steel, Case Thickness: 12mm, Case Width: 33mm; 33mm with crown, Clasp / Buckle: Strap Buckle, Dial: Black-and-white + digital, Hand Color: Black-and-white, Movement: Other + quartz, Time Zones: Single, Water Resistance: 3 atm,

Regulator Alarm Clock in Black by Newgate $55 Regulator Alarm Clock by Newgate Fob watch size alarm clocks for home or travel, with digital alarm sound. Push down on the winder and the back flips open to erect the stand. Comes with black drawstring travel bag. Metal casing with gloss black finish. Battery operated. 3½” x 2½” x ½”

Simpsons Homer Simpson Animated Clock $29.99 Decisions, decisions. Watch as Homer Simpson attempts to choose. The clock’s eyes and arms really move! Homer Simpson has one of the toughest decisions of his life to make. Which one will it be? This Simpsons Homer Simpson Animated Clock features moving eyes and arms, as Homer attempts to choose between two of his favorite things– donuts and beer! The working timepiece measures 11 1/4-inches tall x 8-inches wide x 3-inches deep. Choose this for your shopping cart!

Enchanted Clock Face Large Each $39.99 Our exclusive Clock Face Standees feature a gold casing with Roman numeral on a white clock face. The one-sided cardboard pocket watch standees come in two great sizes – 28 or 46 inches diameter. Use these free-standing standees to decorate any time themed party or add the whimsy of the White Rabbit and add them to any Wonderland themed party. Easy assembly.

Enchanted Clock Face Small Each $29.99 Our exclusive Clock Face Standees feature a gold casing with Roman numeral on a white clock face. The one-sided cardboard pocket watch standees come in two great sizes – 28 or 46 inches diameter. Use these free-standing standees to decorate any time themed party or add the whimsy of the White Rabbit and add them to any Wonderland themed party. Easy assembly.

The Dandelion Clock $8.99 <p>I used to think that perhaps everything that was happening to me – my whole life – was just a memory. As if one moment I could be eleven, and playing in the sun, and the next I might – wake up, somehow, and find I was old and dying, and the day when I was eleven was just a bright, clear memory…</p><p> </p><p> Alex is an artist, preparing for an exhibition to mark the peak of his career. His life seems ordered and complete, but an impulsive trip back to the Italy of his childhood forces him to explore the unresolved questions of his past. There, in those seemingly innocent days, as he swam and played and explored the wild countryside with Jamie and Anna, Alex must surely find the key to so much of his later life. He has to experience again his first friendship with Jamie, and his first love for Anna; and to put together the pieces of a story which brought the three of them together more closely than they could understand, with a bond which seemed innocent but which resulted in tragedy.</p><p> </p><p> In this disturbing new novel Guy Burt explores the darker side of childhood love and friendship, and the fear and pain of growing up.</p><p> </p><p> Of Guy Burt’s first novel, After The Hole, the critics wrote:</p><p> </p><p> ‘A scintillating dbut…Burt’s will be a name to watch’ – Daily Mail</p><p> </p><p> ‘Compulsively sinister first novel ‘ – The Times</p><p> </p><p> ‘Insidiously brilliant’ – The Independent</p>

O.TAGE Trendy Multifunctional Waterproof Blue Light Digital Sports Watch with Weekday / Date Display / Alarm Clock (Silver) $10.59 - A stylish and modern sports watch featuring a digital time display and alarm clock- Water resist with quality silicone band for a long time using- 50m water resistance(manufacturer rated)- Elegant blue light function for time visible at night- Powered by cell battery (included)- English user manual included

O.TAGE Trendy Multifunctional Waterproof Blue Light Digital Sports Watch with Weekday Display / Alarm Clock (Black) $10.59 - A stylish and modern sports watch featuring a digital time display and alarm clock- Water resist with quality silicone band for a long time using- 50m water resistance(manufacturer rated)- Elegant blue light function for time visible at night- Powered by cell battery (included)- English user manual included